The institutes of English grammar, methodically arranged :

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240 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Alas! alas! how impotently true Th' aërial pencil forms the scene anew.— -Cawthorne.

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242 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Knowledge is proud that he has learned so much; Wisdom is humble that he knows no more.

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244 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.. 1. What modes of sight betwixt each wide extreme, The mole's dim curtain and the lynx's beam!

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216 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. FIGURE XIII.-CLIMAX. Virtuous actions are necessarily approved by the awakened conscience; and when they are approved, they are commended to practice; and when they are practised, they become easy; and when they become easy, they afford pleasure; and when they afford pleasure, they are done frequently; and when they are done frequently, they are confirmed by habit: and con- armed habit is a kind of second nature.

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248 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. LESSON VII.-FIGURES. What is a Figure in grammar?

How many and what are the figures of syntax? What is ellipsis in grammar? Are sentences often elliptical? How can there be an ellipsis of the article?

What are the principal English feet? What is an iambus ?-a trochee?-an ana; est ?

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250 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Exc. 3. One person is chosen chairman or moderator.

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252 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Kind is fell Lucifer compared to thee.

It engages our desires; and in some degree satisfies then But of every Christian virtue piety is an essential part. The English verb is variable; as love lovest loves. Under Rule 14.

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In Latin there are six cases namely the nominative the genitive the dative the accusative the vocative and the ablative. Most English nouns form the plural by adding s as boy boys nation nations king kings bay bays.

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254 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. He died praying for his persecutors "Father forgive them they know not what they do."

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256 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. And who what god foretells wno speaks in things Still louder than in words shall dare deny Under Rule 2.

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258 ENGLISH GRAMMAR, They lose it that do buy it with much care How many things by season season'd are To their right praise and true perfection Canst thou descend from converse with the skies And seize thy brothers throat for what a clod In two short precepts all your business lies Would you be great be virtuous and be wise But sometimes virtue starves while vice is fed What then is the reward of virtue bread A life all turbulence and noise may seem To him that leads it wise and to be prais'd But wisdom is a pearl with most success Sought in still waters and beneath clear skies All but the swellings of the softened heart That waken not disturb the tranquil mind Inspiring God who boundless spirit all And unremitting energy pervades Adjusts sustains and agitates the whole Ye ladies for indiff'rent in your cause I should deserve to forfeit all applause Whatever shocks or gives the least offence To virtue delicacy truth or sense Try the criterion 'tis a faithful guide Nor has nor can have Scripture on its side EXERCISE VIII-SCANNING.

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260 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.: COMMENDATION. Constant and duteous, Meek as the dove, How art thou beauteous, Daughter of love!

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I have both the large and the small grammar. Are both the north and the south line measured?

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264 ENGLISH GRAMMAR You are two or three years older than we.

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266 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. The poor want some advantages which the rich enjoy; but we should not therefore account these happy, and those miserable.

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268 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Note 9. Remember the condition from which thou art rescued.

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270 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. • He that trusts in the Lord, will never be without a friend.

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272 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. High pleasures and luxurious living beget satiety.

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274 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Note 2. He had entered into the conspiracy.

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C76 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. I always have been, and I always shall be, of this opinion.

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278 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. The throne we honour, is the people's choice.

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280 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. RULE XXVI.-SUBJUNCTIVES. First Clause.

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232 ENGLISH GRAMMAR, Mischief on itself doth back recoil.

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284 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. The chief captain, fearing that Paul would be pulled into pieces by them, commanded the soldiers to go down, and to take him by force from among them.

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Nay, there can be found a hundred men who can write the names of the letters in Hebrew or in Greek, for one who can do it properly in English. OBS. 2.-The names of the letters are words of a very peculiar kind; be- ing nouns that are at once both proper and common.

Thus: (if we adopt the names now most generally used in English schools :) A, Aes; Bee, Bees; Cee, Cecs; Dee, Dees; E, Ees; Ef, Effs; Gee, Gees; Aitch, Aitches; I, Ies; Jay, Jays; Kay, Kays; Ell, Ells; Em, Ems; En, Ens; O, Oes, Pee, Pecs; Kue, Kues; Ar, Ars; Ess, Esses; Tee, Tees; U, Ues; Vee, Vees; Double-u, Double-ues; Ex, Exes; Wy, Wies; Zee, Zees.

A The vowel A has four* sounds properly its own: 1. The English, open, or long a; as in fame, favour, efficacious. 2.

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286 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. DIPHTHONGS BEGINNING WITH A. The only proper diphthong in which a is put first, is the word ay, meaning yes; in which a has its middle sound, and y that of open e.

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288 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 21 Key and ley Ey, accented, has the sound of open a; as in bey, prey, survey. unac cented, it has the sound of open e; as in alley, valley, money. are pronounced, kee, lee.

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290 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. N The consonant N has two sounds: the pure; as in nun, banner, cannon; and the ringing sound of ng; as in think, mangle, conquer, congress, sing- ing, twinkling.

Ocu is a French triphthong occurring in the word manoeuvre, which is pronounced in English man-00-vur. Owe is an improper triphthong, in which the o only is heard, and with its long open sound.

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Q The consonant Q has the sound of k, and is always followed by the vow- el u, which, in words purely English, is sounded like w; as in queen, quar- ter, request.

Th between two vowels, is generally flat in words purely English; as in gather, neither, whither: and sharp in words from the learned languages; as in atheist, ether, method.

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292 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 2. The close or short; as in tub, butter, justice. 3.

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Most of those words which are regarded as primitives in English, may be aced to ulterior sources, and many of them are found to be compounds or derivatives in other languages.

The fabric of the English language is undoubtedly of Saxon origin; but what was the form of the language spoken by the Saxons, when about the year 450 they entered Britain, cannot now be known.

From the time of Alfred, its pro- gress may be traced by means of writings which remain; but it can scarcely be called English till about the thirteenth century. And for two or three centuries later, it was so different from the modern English, as to be scarcely intelligible to most readers; but, gradually improving by means upon which we cannot here dilate, it at length became what we now find it, a language, copious, strong, refined, and capable of no inconsiderable degree of harmony.

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Gawin Douglas, an ancient English writer, wrote ane, even before a consonant; as, "Ane book"-"Ane lang spere"-" Ane volume." DERIVATION OF NOUNS. In English, Nouns are derived from nouns, from adjectives, from verbs, or from participles.

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296 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. DERIVATION OF ADJECTIVES. In English, Adjectives are derived from nouns, from adjectives, from verbs, or from participles.

Adjectives from proper names, take various terminations: as, America, American; England, English; Dane, Danish; Portugal, Portuguese; Plato, Platonic. 9.

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APPENDIX IL-DERIVATION. 297 DERIVATION OF THE PRONOUNS. The English pronouns are all of Saxon origin. The following appears to be their derivation: Eng.

Many of these pronouns, as well as a vast number of other words of frequent use in the language, were variously writ- ten by the old English and Anglo-Saxon authors. He who traces the his- tory of our language will meet with them under all the following forms, and perhaps more: 1.

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298 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. a compound of who and that, though the Anglo-Saxons wrote it as one word, hræet.

DERIVATION OF VERBS. In English, Verbs are derived from nouns, from adjectives, or from verbs.

DERIVATION OF PARTICIPLES. All English Participles are derived from English verbs, in the manner ex- plained under the head of Etymology, and when foreign participles are in- troduced into our language, they are not participles with us, but belong to some other part of speech.

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-DERIVAT 299 DERIVATION OF CONJUNCTIONS. The English Conjunctions are mostly of Saxon origin. The best die- tionaries of our language give us, for the most part, the same words in Saxon characters; but Horne Tooke, in his Diversions of Purley, a learned and curious work which the advanced student may peruse with advantage, traces these and many other English particles to Saxon verbs or participles.

NOTWITHSTANDING [not hindering] is an English compound which needs no explanation. 18. OR is a contraction of the Saxon oben, other. 19.

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300 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 26. WHETHER, which introduces the first term of an alternative, is the Saxon hpæder, which was used for the same purpose.

The following is the derivation of most of the English Prepositions: 1. ABOUT [at circuit] is from the French à, or the English prefix a, mean- ing at or to, and bout, meaning turn, or limit. 2.

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WORTH [of the value of] is from the Saxon verb wyrthan, or weorthan, to be; and has by pedigree as good a claim to be a preposition as by and with: the old English writers used worth for be, in every part of the conju- gation.

-The roots to which they are prefix- d, are not always proper English words. 26

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302 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 1. ENGLISH OR ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES. 1.

The primitives to which these are prefixed, are not many of them employ- ed separately in English. The final letter of the prefix ad, con, ex, in, ob, or sub, is often changed before certain consonants. 1.

DIS, DI,--away or apart: as, dis-pel, to drive away; dis-sect, to cut apart; di-vert, to turn away. Dis, before English words, generally reverses their meaning; as, please, dis please. 9.

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804 ENGLISH GRAMMAR, 13. SYN, sym, syl,-together: as, syn-tax, a placing-together; sym-pathy, a suffering-together; syl-lable, what is taken together.

It is found in a few English compounds that are of French, and not of Saxon origin: as, a-dieu, to God; a-bout, to the end or turn. 2.

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When the learnier has ac- quired such a knowledge of grammar, as to be in some degree qualified for the undertaking, he should devote a stated portion of his time to composi- tion.

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306 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. the depictions, and unconstrained their latitude; analogies, however im- posing the objects of parallel, and the media of comparison; can never ex- pose the consequences of sin to the extent of fact, or the range of demon- stration."

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It may consist of parts, indeed, but these parts must be so closely bound together, as to make the impression upon the mind, of one object, not of many."-Murray's Grammar. PRECEPT 2. Treat different topics in separate paragraphs, and distinct sentiments in separate sentences. Error: "The two volumes are, indeed, intimately connected, and constitute one uniform system of English gram- mar."-Murray's Preface. PRECEPT 3. In the progress of a sentence, do not desert the principal subject in favour of adjuncts. Error: "To substantives belong gender, number, and case; and they are all of the third person when spoken of, and of the second when spoken to."-Murray's Grammar. PRECEPT 4. Do not introduce parentheses, except when a lively remark may be thrown in without diverting the mind too long from the principal subject.

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310 ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 XVI. They sometimes omit the relative, of the nominative case; as, "For is there aught in sleep can charm the wise?"